BASIC SCIENCE JSS1 SECOND TERM LESSON NOTE
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BASIC SCIENCE JSS1 SECOND TERM LESSON NOTE
INTRODUCTION TO LIVING THINGS
CONTENT
1. Meaning of Living Things
2. Characteristics of Living Things
3. Classification of Living Things
4. Photosynthesis
5. Differences between Plants and Animals
6. Similarities between Plants and Animals
7. Uses of Plants and Animals
Meaning of Living Things
Living things are things that have life and can carry out all characteristics of life.
Characteristics of Living Things
These are activities living things can perform such as:
(MR NIGERCLAD)
1. Movement: Movement is a change in position. Animals move from place to place. Plant only moves in stationary state towards light, water, etc.
2. Respiration: This is the taking in of oxygen to release energy as a result
of breakdown of food in the body.
3. Nutrition: This is the processes of taking in food into the body which when
taken provides energy or materials for building the body. Plant and animals
feed in order to get energy to carry out their daily activities and also to grow.
4. Irritability/Sensitivity: This is the ability to respond to changes in the
environment. All living things respond to changes in the environment.
5. Growth: Growth is the increase in size as a result of formation of new cells.
6. Excretion: This is the removal of metabolic waste products from the body.
7. Reproduction: All living things can reproduce their own kind/species.
8. Competition: This is the ability of living things to struggle for all the
necessities of life in order to survive in their various environments. Plants and
animals compete for food.
9. Life span/Death: All living things must die because they have limited
period of existence.
10. Adaptation: This is the way living things get used to their various
environments.
Classification of Living Things
All living things are grouped into 2 major categories namely: plants and animals.
Examples of plants and animals are toad, housefly, ostrich, fish, maize plant, grass,
yam, hibiscus, etc.
BASIC SCIENCE JSS1 SECOND TERM LESSON NOTE
Photosynthesis
Plants make their own food in a process called photosynthesis. Photosynthesis
takes place inside plant cells called chloroplasts. Chloroplasts change sunlight,
water, and carbon dioxide (a gas in the air) into sugars, a type of food used by
the plant to grow. Photosynthesis also makes oxygen, which is released into the air.
Differences between Plants and Animals
Similarities between Plants and Animals
1. Both feed
2. They reproduce
3. They respire
4. Both grow etc.
Uses/Importance of Plants and Animals
Plants and animals can be used for the following purposes.
Uses of Plants
1. Plants provides food such as vegetables, fruits, tuber, leaves etc for
man and animals’
2. Provision of materials for shelter e. g timber for construction of houses.
3. Medicine: plants are used in the production of drug plant which is used
as herb in treating diseases.
4. Plant is used to beautify our environment.
5. Plant leaves serve as wind break and also use to control soil erosion
6. Plants remove carbon-dioxide from the atmosphere during photosynthesis
and give out oxygen.
7. It serves as source of income to the people and the nation.
BASIC SCIENCE JSS1 SECOND TERM LESSON NOTE
Uses of Animals
1. Animals serve as food for man.
2. Some animals are used as beasts of burden e .g donkeys and camels
3. Some animals are used as means of transportation e. g horses and camels.
4. Animal such as dogs is used for security.
5. It also serves as source of income.
EVALUATION
1. Mention five examples of plant.
2. What are the uses of plants and animals?
3. List all the characteristics of plants and animals
NON-LIVING THINGS – MATTER
CONTENT
1. The Meaning of Matter
2. Identification of Matter
3. States of Matter
4. Change of State of Matter
Meaning of Matter
Matter is anything in nature that has mass and occupies space. Stone, paper, plant,
animal, air, water, rubber etc. are made up of matter. Matter is made up of small
particles called atoms.
Water Droplets
Water droplets are made of water molecules that bond together.
Identification of Matter
Matter is classified into solid, liquid, and gas. All living and non-living things are
made up of matter. It means that everything that you can see, touch, smell, breathe
or eat is made up of matter.
Matter can be classified as living and non-living matter. Can you mention some living
and non-living matter around you?
States of Matter
The three states of matter are Solid, Liquid and Gas. Hence, we have solid state,
liquid state and gaseous state.
Matter can be classified into the following groups:
1. Living and non-living things
2. Using state of matter
3. Using physical criteria like size, weight, texture, shape, color, smell, taste.
There are three states of matter which are solid, liquid and gas.
SOLID:
The particles of solid are arranged in an orderly manner. A strong intermolecular
force holds the particles together. The particles are very much close together. Solids
have definite shapes, volume and fixed mass. Examples of solid are salt, sugar,
ice-block; stone etc. Solid undergoes translational motion and oscillatory motion.
LIQUID:
The particles of a liquid are not very close together. Liquid particles are a bit free to
move about because of the moderate intermolecular force between particles. Liquid
does not have a definite shape but takes the shape of the container. Liquids are fluid
which flows or diffuse in all directions. Examples are water, blood, ink, urine. Liquids
have definite volume, fixed mass. Liquid cannot be compressed or squeezed into a
smaller space. Liquids undergo three kinds of motion, vibration, rotational and
translational.
GAS:
The particles of gas are very far apart because of the very weak intermolecular force
holding the particles. They move about freely at great speed. Gases have no definite
shape, volume but have fixed mass. Gases can be compressed. Examples of gases are
air, ammonia, steam, oxygen etc.
Change of State of Matter
This is the transformation of matter from one state to another. Change of state occurs
in the following ways:
1. Melting: This is when solids changes to liquid. The temperature at which
solid changes to liquid is called melting point. E.g. melting of ice water
2. Evaporation: This is when liquids change to gas. The temperature at which
its occurs is called boiling point. E.g. boiling of water at 100oC
3. Sublimation: This is when solids change directly to gas. E.g. camphor
changes directly to gas
4. Freezing: This is when liquid changes to solid at 0o E.g. water inside freezer changes to ice water.
5. Condensation: This is when gas changes to liquid. E.g. Vapour forming
dew.
BASIC SCIENCE JSS1 SECOND TERM LESSON NOTE
Changing States of Matter
Matter can take the shape of a solid, liquid, or gas. When a solid changes to a liquid,
it is called melting. When a liquid changes to a gas, it is called evaporation.
Sublimation occurs when a solid changes to a gas. These changes are reversible –
that is, a gas can turn into a solid or a liquid, and a liquid can turn into a solid.
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