BASIC SCIENCE JSS1 SECOND TERM LESSON NOTE

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 BASIC SCIENCE JSS1 SECOND TERM LESSON NOTE

INTRODUCTION TO LIVING THINGS

CONTENT

1. Meaning of Living Things

2. Characteristics of Living Things

3. Classification of Living Things

4. Photosynthesis

5. Differences between Plants and Animals

6. Similarities between Plants and Animals

7. Uses of Plants and Animals

 

Meaning of Living Things

Living things are things that have life and can carry out all characteristics of life.

Characteristics of Living Things

These are activities living things can perform such as:

(MR NIGERCLAD)

1. Movement: Movement is a change in position. Animals move from place to place. Plant only moves in stationary state towards light, water, etc.

2. Respiration: This is the taking in of oxygen to release energy as a result

of breakdown of food in the body.

3. Nutrition: This is the processes of taking in food into the body which when

taken provides energy or materials for building the body. Plant and animals

feed in order to get energy to carry out their daily activities and also to grow.

4. Irritability/Sensitivity: This is the ability to respond to changes in the

environment. All living things respond to changes in the environment.

5. Growth: Growth is the increase in size as a result of formation of new cells.

6. Excretion: This is the removal of metabolic waste products from the body.

7. Reproduction: All living things can reproduce their own kind/species.

8. Competition: This is the ability of living things to struggle for all the

necessities of life in order to survive in their various environments. Plants and

animals compete for food.

9. Life span/Death: All living things must die because they have limited

period of existence.

10. Adaptation: This is the way living things get used to their various

environments.

Classification of Living Things

All living things are grouped into 2 major categories namely: plants and animals.

Examples of plants and animals are toad, housefly, ostrich, fish, maize plant, grass,

yam, hibiscus, etc.

 BASIC SCIENCE JSS1 SECOND TERM LESSON NOTE

Photosynthesis

Plants make their own food in a process called photosynthesis. Photosynthesis

takes place inside plant cells called chloroplasts. Chloroplasts change sunlight,

water, and carbon dioxide (a gas in the air) into sugars, a type of food used by

the plant to grow. Photosynthesis also makes oxygen, which is released into the air.

Differences between Plants and Animals

	S/N	Plants	Animals
	1.	Plants carry out photosynthesis	Animals do not carry out photosynthesis
	2.	Plants are stationary	Animals move from place to place
	3.	Plants maintain apical growth	Animal grow in all parts of the body.
	4.	They produce their own food	They depend on plants for their food
	5.	Plants use stomata and lenticels for respiration	Animals use Lungs or gills or skin for respiration

Similarities between Plants and Animals

1. Both feed

2. They reproduce

3. They respire

4. Both grow etc.

Uses/Importance of Plants and Animals

Plants and animals can be used for the following purposes.

Uses of Plants

1. Plants provides food such as vegetables, fruits, tuber, leaves etc for

man and animals’

2. Provision of materials for shelter e. g timber for construction of houses.

3. Medicine: plants are used in the production of drug plant which is used

as herb in treating diseases.

4. Plant is used to beautify our environment.

5. Plant leaves serve as wind break and also use to control soil erosion

6. Plants remove carbon-dioxide from the atmosphere during photosynthesis

and give out oxygen.

7. It serves as source of income to the people and the nation.

 BASIC SCIENCE JSS1 SECOND TERM LESSON NOTE

Uses of Animals

1. Animals serve as food for man.

2. Some animals are used as beasts of burden e .g donkeys and camels

3. Some animals are used as means of transportation e. g horses and camels.

4. Animal such as dogs is used for security.

5. It also serves as source of income.

 

EVALUATION

1. Mention five examples of plant.

2. What are the uses of plants and animals?

3. List all the characteristics of plants and animals

 

 

NON-LIVING THINGS – MATTER

CONTENT

1. The Meaning of Matter

2. Identification of Matter

3. States of Matter

4. Change of State of Matter

 

Meaning of Matter

Matter is anything in nature that has mass and occupies space. Stone, paper, plant,

animal, air, water, rubber etc. are made up of matter. Matter is made up of small

particles called atoms.

Water Droplets

Water droplets are made of water molecules that bond together.

Identification of Matter

Matter is classified into solid, liquid, and gas. All living and non-living things are

made up of matter. It means that everything that you can see, touch, smell, breathe

or eat is made up of matter.

Matter can be classified as living and non-living matter. Can you mention some living

and non-living matter around you?

States of Matter

The three states of matter are Solid, Liquid and Gas. Hence, we have solid state,

liquid state and gaseous state.

Matter can be classified into the following groups:

1. Living and non-living things

2. Using state of matter

3. Using physical criteria like size, weight, texture, shape, color, smell, taste.

There are three states of matter which are solid, liquid and gas.

SOLID:

The particles of solid are arranged in an orderly manner. A strong intermolecular

force holds the particles together. The particles are very much close together. Solids

have definite shapes, volume and fixed mass. Examples of solid are salt, sugar,

ice-block; stone etc. Solid undergoes translational motion and oscillatory motion.

LIQUID:

The particles of a liquid are not very close together. Liquid particles are a bit free to

move about because of the moderate intermolecular force between particles. Liquid

does not have a definite shape but takes the shape of the container. Liquids are fluid

which flows or diffuse in all directions. Examples are water, blood, ink, urine. Liquids

have definite volume, fixed mass. Liquid cannot be compressed or squeezed into a

smaller space. Liquids undergo three kinds of motion, vibration, rotational and

translational.

GAS:

The particles of gas are very far apart because of the very weak intermolecular force

holding the particles. They move about freely at great speed. Gases have no definite

shape, volume but have fixed mass. Gases can be compressed. Examples of gases are

air, ammonia, steam, oxygen etc.

Change of State of Matter

This is the transformation of matter from one state to another. Change of state occurs

in the following ways:

1. Melting: This is when solids changes to liquid. The temperature at which

solid changes to liquid is called melting point. E.g. melting of ice water

2. Evaporation: This is when liquids change to gas. The temperature at which

its occurs is called boiling point. E.g. boiling of water at 100oC

3. Sublimation: This is when solids change directly to gas. E.g. camphor

changes directly to gas

4. Freezing: This is when liquid changes to solid at 0o E.g. water inside freezer changes to ice water.

5. Condensation: This is when gas changes to liquid. E.g. Vapour forming

dew.

 BASIC SCIENCE JSS1 SECOND TERM LESSON NOTE

Changing States of Matter

Matter can take the shape of a solid, liquid, or gas. When a solid changes to a liquid,

it is called melting. When a liquid changes to a gas, it is called evaporation.

Sublimation occurs when a solid changes to a gas. These changes are reversible –

that is, a gas can turn into a solid or a liquid, and a liquid can turn into a solid.

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