COMMERCE SS1 SECOND TERM LESSON NOTE
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COMMERCE SS1 SECOND TERM LESSON NOTE
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COMMERCE SS1 SECOND TERM LESSON NOTE
WEEK ONE
TOPIC: MODERN TRENDS IN RETAIL TRADE
Improvement in both economical and technical development have given both to various modern trends in retail trade.
Development in retail trade are:
a. Self – service
b. Branding
c. Credit cards
d. Pre – packaging
e. Credit cards
f. E – retailing electrical
SELF – SERVICE SYSTEM
Is a system where the customers walk round the stores to select whatever goods they want to buy from the shelves and pay to the cashier with or without any assistance from the attendants e.g. departmental stores.
FEATURES OF SELF – SERVICES
1. Provision of shelves and counters – erected and arranged or displayed.
2. Displayed of goods are neatly display on the shelves to encouraged impulse buying.
3. Provision of trolleys and baskets
4. Provision of spaces for movement
5. Price tags for customers to know the price
6. Payment near exists – payment made to the cashier who sit near the exist. They use automatic cash registers to calculate and issue receipt immediately.
ADVANTAGES
1. Increase in sales: beautifully displayed goods attract customers to buy even what they do not budget for. These increase sales.
2. Employment of few sales clerk: Employee sew sales clerk since customers pack what they want by themselves. This reduce overhead cost.
3. Time saving
4. Convenient shopping
5. No interference
6. It attracts customers
COMMERCE SS1 SECOND TERM LESSON NOTE
DISADVANTAGES
1. Possibility of pilfering: It encourages shop lifting and pilfering customers can steal without being caught.
2. Lack of proper inspection of goods: customers the not have the opportunity to inspect the goods thoroughly because most goods are pre – packed.
3. Less personal attention
BRANDING
Branding means giving name or mark to a product in accordance with the trade mark, which act in order to distinguish it from similar products manufactured by other producers e.g. the name is usually registered and keep other producer away by law from using it e.g. Totota, Sony, Chivita, Pampers.
ADVANTAGES
1. Uniform price
2. Easy recognition
3. Prevention of product adulteration: a producer may brand his product in order to prevent adulteration of goods
4. Ensures high quality
5. Standardization of product: the goods are standardized uniformly packed. Each branded goods has same weight, size and content.
6. It reduces cost of advertising
7. It helps to differentiate products.
DISADVANTAGES
1. High cost on advertising: there is high cost on advertising in order to impress product differentiation in the mind of consumers
2. Creation of false buying: it ensures that customers purchases more than what thy need.
3. It can confuse consumer
4. Leads to high price: goods are sold at high prices.
PRE – PACKING
This is a system where goods are packed, wrapped in containers, weighed and price before arranging them on the shelves in a store e.g. sweets
ADVANTAGES
1. Protection of goods against damages: goods are protected damages
2. A means of advertising
3. Increase in sales: pre-packing and wrapping attract customer
4. Recycling of package: after removing the contents they can be recycled for other purpose.
5. It is easy to handle
6. Pre – packing facilities self – services
DISADVANTAGES
1. Pre-packing products are expensive
2. Information on the pack may be deceitful
3. Actual inspection is not possible
AUTOMATIC VENDING
This is a retail automatically expenses, pre-packed items such as drinks, cigar, coffee, ice – cream in the machine when ever certain amount is inserted into the machine.
ADVANTAGES
1. Useful for selling convenience goods
2. It provides twenty – four hours services
3. There is uniformity in price
4. Customers serve themselves i.e. self-services
DISADVANTAGES
1. High cost of goods because of the machine
2. Low profit: the profit margin is low because it is expensive to operate and maintain
3. Automatic vending encourage pilferage and people can vandalise the machine
4. No provision for refund of balance
CREDIT CARDS
This is a techniques which involves the use of plastic cards to buy goods and services on credit from specified sellers.
ADVANTAGES
1. It encourages credit purchases
2. It is easy to carry the card about
DISADVANTAGES
1. Goods attract high price
2. There is no bargaining i.e. one cannot negotiate the price.
3. Shops owners face the problem of bad debts i.e debts are irrecoverable.
ELECTRONIC RETAILING (E – RETAINLING)
It is a new development in retail business on the internet for direct retail shopping with twenty-four hours global reach e.g. Jumia, OLX, Konga etc.
ADVANTAGES
1. It provides twenty-four hours services
2. It has multi – media prospects
3. It provides information to customers
4. It increase sales
COMMERCE SS1 SECOND TERM LESSON NOTE
WEEK TWO
TOPIC: INTERNATIONAL TRADE
International trade /foreign trade refers to the exchange of goods and services across the boarder of two or more countries by their resident and government.
In other words, it is exchange of goods and services between people and different countries.
FORMS OF FOREIGN TRADE
1. Bilateral Trade: This takes place when one country agrees to (trade) exchanged goods and services with another country e.g. Nigeria and Japan
2. Multilateral Trade: This is the buying and selling of goods and services among countries. It occurs when each nation buys and sells with whatever country it wishes to track with e.g. Nigeria has multilateral agreement with countries as America, Russia, China, Britain etc.
INVISIBLE IMPORTS
These are services provided by other countries e.g. banking, insurance, shipping, transportation etc.
EXPORT TRADE
Is the selling of a country’s products in abroad i.e. selling of one country product to other countries.
Export includes goods and services to other countries. Export can be visible or invisible.
a. Visible Export: are tangible goods sold to other nations. Nigeria exports are agricultural product and mineral resources. These are sold to overseas without being processed e.g. crude oil, cotton, palm oil, etc.
b. Invisible Export: are services sold to other countries – invisible export cannot be seen or inspected e.g. banking, insurance, transports.
BARRIERS TO INTERNATION TRADE
1. Currency differences: Differences in currency is a barrier because it involves two or more currencies change in exchange rate and non availability of foreign currencies hinder the flow of goods.
2. Artificial barrier: Imposition of duties like tariff on imported goods create barrier strict regulation and tariff limits the extent of foreign trade.
3. Distance: Distance between one country and another and the cost of freight all hinder foreign trade.
4. Cultural problems: Customs and traditions various countries keep away businessman and have negative impact on foreign trade.
5. Difference in language: language differences creates communication barrier.
COMMERCE SS1 SECOND TERM LESSON NOTE
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