MATHEMATICS PRIMARY 4 SECON TERM
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MATHEMATICS PRIMARY 4 SECON TERM LESSON NOTE
SECOND TERM E NOTES
SUBJECT: MATHEMATICS
CLASS: BASIC FOUR
WEEK TOPIC
1. multiplication of whole number by two digit number
2. Square of 1 and 2- digit number
3. Division of 2 digit or 3-digit by number up to 9 with or without a remainder
4. Common multiples of numbers
5. Factors of numbers: HCF
6. Estimation
7. Money: Addition and subtraction of money
8. Money: multiplication and division of money by a whole number
9. Money: division of money by whole number
10.Profit and loss
11.Open sentences
WEEK ONE
MULTIPLICATION OF NUMBERS BY 2-DIGIT NUMBERS
Example 1 multiply 25 by 12
Method 1: column form method 2: Expanded form
2 5 25 x 12 = 25 x (10 = 2)
x 1 2 = (25 x 10) = (25 x 2)
2 5 0 (25 x 10) = 250 + 50
+ 5 0 (25 x 2) = 300
3 0 0
5 4 Step 1: Multiply the units
× 2 6
Regroup
3 2 4 = 54 × 6 Step 2: Multiply the tens
+ 1 0 8 0 = 54 × 20 Regroup
1 4 0 4 = 54 × 26
EXERCIES 1: Multiply the following
1. 53 x 50 11. 84 x 10
2. 97 x 10 12. 96 x 40
3. 67 x 50 13. 67 x 50
4. 87 x 20 14. 64 x 30
5. 57 x 40 15. 64 x 40
6. 56 x 10 16. 95 x 20
7. 86 x 20 17. 84 x 50
8. 99 x 50 18. 75 x 10
9. 89 x 30
10.75 x 40
MATHEMATICS PRIMARY 4 SECON TERM LESSON NOTE
EXERCISE 2: multiply the following
1. 89 x 46
2. 45 x 37
3. 56 x 17
4. 88 x 32
5. 36 x 35
6. 78 x 18
7. 76 x 26
8. 29 x 27
9. 79 x 49
10. 75 x 46
Example
25 × 34 = (20 × 34) + (5 × 34)
= 680 + 170
= 850
Exercise 3
Copy and fill the boxes with the correct numerals.
1. 24 × 33 = ( 20 × 33) + ( × 33) = 2. 35 × 48 = ( × 48) + ( × 48) =
3. 47 × 18 = ( × 18) + ( × 18) = 4. 45 × 35 = (40 × 35) + (5 × 35) =
5. 41 × 25 = (40 × 25) + ( × 25) = 6. 29 × 49 = ( × 49) + ( × 49) =
7. 57 × 16 = ( × 16) + ( × 16) = 8. 61 × 25 = ( × 25) + ( × 25) =
9. (12 × 7) + (30 × 7) = 10. 7 × 82 = (7 × ) + (7 × 2)
11. (20 × 8) + (2 × 8) = 12. 8 × 82 = (8 × ) + (8 × 2) =
13. 20 × 42 = (20 × 40) + (20 × 2) = 14. 50 × 28 = (50 × 20) + (50 × ) =
WEEK TWO
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to
discover what squares and square roots mean
solve problems involving the calculation of squares of numbers.
SQUARES AND SQUARE ROOTS OF NUMBERS ( 1- digit and 2 – digit numbers)
Exercise 1
Find the value of:
1. 42 + 62
2. 52 – 22
3. 52 + 72
4. 102 – 52
5. 82 + 102
6. 82 – 62
7. 22 x 52
8. 32 x 42
9. 42 x 32
10. 52 x 22
11. 62 x22
12. 22 x 32 x 52
13. 22 x 32 x 52
14. 32 x 22 x 52
MATHEMATICS PRIMARY 4 SECON TERM LESSON NOTE
SQUARE OF 2-DIGIT NUMBER
The squares of two-digit numbers are (in short form) 102, 112, 122, 133, … 992.
To calculate the squares of two digit numbers we may use any of these methods.
a) Multiply the number by itself, i.e. using multiplication method.
b) Find the square from the square table.
c) Count the dots from the square pattern.
(This method may be too cumbersome at a later stage
Examples
Study the workings to find 142.
Solution: (Multiplication method)
142=14×14
(10+4)× (10+4)
10(10+4) + (10+4)
100+40+40+16
=196
Exercise
Solve each of the following:
1. 42 2. 92 3. 102 4. 122
5. 112
6. 152 7. 172 8. 162 9. 182 10. 202
Unit 2
WEEK THREE
DIVISION
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to
CONTENT
Division of 2-digit and 3-digit numbers by numbers up to 9 without remainder
Example 1: 78 ÷ 6
T U
1 3
6 7 8
- 6 0 (1 ten x 6)
1 8
- 1 8 (6 units x 3)
0
Example 2: 82 ÷ 3
T U
2 7
3 8 2
_ 6 0 (2 tens x 3)
2 2
_ 2 1 (7 units x 3)
1 (Remainder)
Therefore, 82÷3 = 27 remainder 1
MATHEMATICS PRIMARY 4 SECON TERM LESSON NOTE
Exercise
A. Calculate and give the remainder.
1. 21 ÷ 9 2. 38 ÷ 4 3. 87 ÷ 4 4. 82 ÷ 6
5. 78 ÷ 7 6. 72 ÷ 7 7. 29 ÷ 9 8. 57 ÷ 7
9. 68 ÷ 8 10. 73 ÷ 6 11. 35 ÷ 3 12. 64 ÷ 6
13. 88 ÷ 9 14. 73 ÷ 4 15. 89 ÷ 2 16. 77 ÷ 4
17. 87 ÷ 9 18. 97 ÷ 8 19. 98 ÷ 6 20. 99 ÷ 5
B. Solve the following:
1. 73 nuts are shared among five children. Each child receives the same number of nuts:
a) How many nuts did each child receive? b) How many nuts remain?
2. Korede shared out 65 among 8 pupils. Each pupil is given the same amount of money:
a) How much did each pupil receive? b) How much is remaining?
3. Audu bought a sack of sweet potatoes weighing 50 kg. He divided the potatoes into bags, so that each bag held 3 kg of potatoes.
a) How many complete bags of sweet potatoes did he get from his sack?
b) How many kg of sweet potato remains?
4. A box contains 87 notebooks. They are given out to 9 pupils equally.
a) How many notebooks did each pupil receive?
b) How many notebooks are remaining
Division of 3-digits numbers without remainder
Example
834 ÷ 3 means ‘how many threes are there in 834? To find 834 ÷ 3 start with the hundreds:
8 (hundreds) ÷ 3 = 2 (hundreds), remainder 2 (hundreds)
Take the remainder, 2 (hundreds), and add to the tens:
2 (hundreds) = 20 (tens); 20 (tens) + 3 (tens) = 23 (tens)
23 (tens) ÷ 3 = 7 (tens), remainder 2 (tens)
Take the remainder, 2 (tens) and add to the units:
2 (tens) = 20 (units); 20 (units) + 4 (units) = 24 units
24 (units) ÷ 3 = 8 units
" 834 ÷ 3 = 278
Solution
278
3 834
– 600 (2 hundreds × 3)
234
– 210 (7 tens × 3)
24
– 24 (8 units × 3)
Example
Calculate the following:
205 ÷ 5
Solution
2 (hundreds) ÷ 5 = 0 (hundred), remainder 2 (hundreds)
Take the remainder, 2 (hundreds) and add to the tens:
2 hundreds = 20 (tens); 20 (tens) + 0 (ten) = 20 (tens)
20 (tens) ÷ 5 = 4 (tens), remainder 0
5 (units) ÷ 5 = 1 unit, remainder 0
" 205 ÷ 5 = 41
Working
41
5 205
– 200 (4 tens × 5)
5
– 5 (1 unit × 5)
MATHEMATICS PRIMARY 4 SECON TERM LESSON NOTE
Exercise
A. Calculate the following.
1. 153 ÷ 3 2. 126 ÷ 6 3. 185 ÷ 5 4. 177 ÷ 3 5. 156 ÷ 6
6. 132 ÷ 4 7. 144 ÷ 4 8. 148 ÷ 4 9. 138 ÷ 6 10. 152 ÷ 4
11. 171 ÷ 9 12. 224 ÷ 4 13. 105 ÷ 7 14. 102 ÷ 3 15. 465 ÷ 5
16. 8 984 17. 5 555 18. 9 399 19. 9 981 20. 6 828
21. 7 777 22. 4 712 23. 2 516 24. 4 636 25. 8 888
B. Solve the following.
1. The money contributed by a group of 6 pupils for cake baking is 426. How much
did each pupil contributes?
2. Onome is paid 705 for a five day working week. How much is she paid for each day?
3. How many 8-litre kegs can be filled from a drum of water containing 928 litres?
4. A log of wood 522 metres long is sawn into pieces 9 m long. How many such pieces are there?
5. A book has 312 pages. How many days will it take to read
i) 8 pages a day? ii) 6 pages a day?
Exercise
1. Divide 70 by 5
2. Divide 78 by 6
3. Divide 304 by 4
4. Divide 981 by 9
5. Divide 205 by 3
6. Divide 420 by 9
7. A box holds 3o tins. How many boxes can be filled with 810 tins?
8. One packet contains 10 pencils. How many packets do 470 pencil fill?
9. How many minutes are there in720 seconds
10.The product of three numbers is 540. The first number is 5 and the second number is 9. What is the third number?
WEEK FOUR
LEAST COMMON MULTIPLES (LCM)
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to
find the multiples of numbers
find common multiples of numbers
find the lowest common multiple by listing the multiples of numbers
find the lowest common multiple by calculation.
CONTENT
LEAST COMMON MULTIPLES (LCM)
Revision of multiples of numbers
Multiples of a number e.g. 4 are those numbers that 4 can divide without remainder.
Multiples of 4 are: 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40 etc. The first multiple of a number
is the number itself. Other multiples are obtained by repeated addition of the number.
Every number has unlimited number of multiples.
Example 1:
Find the least common multiples of 2 and 3
The multiples of 2 are: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24
The multiples of 3 are: 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, 36
Thus the common multiples of 2 and three are 6, 12, 18 and 24
Examples
Multiples of 2 = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 …
3 = 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30 …
5 = 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 …
We can use repeated addition or multiplication to find the multiples. Here the first five multiples of 6 and 7 are found by using addition. Multiples of 6 are 6, 6 +6, 6 + 6 + 6, 6 + 6 + 6 + 6, 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 + 6
= 6, 12, 18, 24, 30…
Multiples of 7 = 7, 7 +7, 7 + 7 + 7, 7 + 7 + 7 + 7, 7 + 7 + 7 + 7 + 7
= 7, 14, 21, 28, 35…
Here the first five multiples of 6 and 7 are found by using multiplication.
Multiples of 6 = 6 1 6 2 6 3 6 4 6 5
= 6, 12, 18, 24, 30
Multiples of 7 = 7 1 7 2 7 3 7 4 7 5
= 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 …
Here the sixth multiple of 3 and 8 are found by using multiplication.
6th multiple of 3 = 3 6 = 18
6th multiple of 8 = 8 6 = 56
Exercise
A. Write down the first ten multiples of
1. 9 2. 10 3. 12 4. 7 5. 14
B. Find the 5th multiple of
1. 4 2. 11 3. 6 4. 15 5. 20
C. Copy and complete the statements with the correct numerals.
1. 12 is a multiple of 4 and 2. 84 is a multiple of 7 and
3. 90 is a multip2le of 9 and 4. 108 is a multiple of 9 and
5. 45 is a multiple of and
Example
Here the first three common multiples of 3 and 4 have been found.
Solution
Multiples of:
3 are: 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36…
4 are: 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40…
The first three common multiples of 3 and 4 are: 12, 24, 36.
Exercise 1
Write down the first three common multiples of these series of numbers:
1. 6 and 9 2. 4 and 8 3. 2, 4 and 6 4. 8 and 16 5. 10 and 15
6. 7 and 14 7. 3, 6 and 9 8. 5 and 10 9. 4 and 12 10. 5 and 20
Exercise 2
Look at the following numbers in the box.
2 3 4 8 10 12 18 24 27 30 32 36
Which of these numbers are common multiples of:
1. 2 and 3 2. 3 and 4 3. 3 and 6 4. 4 and 8 5. 5 and 10
LCM of numbers from common multiples
EXAMPLES
1. The LCM of 4 and 6 has been found here.
Multiples of:
4 = 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36…
6 = 6 12 18 24 30 36…
Common multiples of 4 and 6 are 12 24 36…
From 12, 24 and 36, the smallest or least of the common multiple is 12.
Therefore, LCM of 4 and 6 = 12
2 . The LCM of 8 and 12 has been found here.
8 = 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 …
12 = 12 24 36 48 60 …
Common multiple: 24 48…
From 24 and 48, the least of the common multiple is 24
LCM = 24
3. The LCM of 6 and 9 has been found here.
6 = 6 12 18 24 30 36…
9 = 9 18 27 36…
Common multiples are: 18 36…
From 18 and 36, the least of the common multiple is 18
LCM = 18
Exercise
Find the LCM of these pair of numbers by first finding their common multiples.
1. 3 and 4 2. 4 and 8 3. 3 and 5 4. 2 and 9 5. 4 and 6
6. 6 and 5 7. 2 and 3 8. 3 and 8 9. 4 and 5 10. 6 and 9
11. What is the least weight of garri that can be weighed into 3 kg or 5 kg bags without any remainder?
12. What is the smallest length of a string that can be cut into pieces of 2 cm or 9 cm without any remainder?
The smallest of these multiples (i.e. the least) is 6
We say that the least common multiples of 2 and 3 is 6.
That is L.C.M of 2 and 3 is 6
LCM of numbers by calculation (Using Prime Number
Division Method)
What is a prime number? A prime number is a number that has two factors, one and
itself. In other words any number that can be divided by only one and itself is a prime
number.
Prime numbers are: 2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 …
We will discuss this in detail when we come to factors. Note that 1 is a factor of every
number but not a prime number.
Finding LCM by calculation
Method 1: Prime number division (by prime factors)
Divide the given numbers by prime numbers. If the prime number can divide only one
number, start until the numbers are completely divided without remainder. The LCM is the
product of the prime numbers.
50
MATHEMATICS PRIMARY 4 SECON TERM LESSON NOTE
Examples
Study how the LCM of the following numbers has been found.
1. 8 and 12 = 2 8, 12
2 4, 6
2 2, 3
3 1, 3
1, 1
LCM = 2 2 2 3
= 24
2. 6, 8 and 16 = 2 6, 8, 16
2 3, 4, 8
2 3, 2, 4
2 3, 1, 2
3 3, 1, 1
1, 1, 1
LCM = 2 2 2 2 3
= 48
Exercise 1
Find the LCM of:
1. 12 and 18 2. 10 and 12 3. 12 and 24 4. 6, 8 and 12 5. 12, 18, and 24
6. 6, 8 and 10 7. 4, 6 and 8 8. 9 and 27 9. 3, 4 and 9 10. 8, 10 and 12
Method 2
Examples
Study how the LCM of the following numbers has been found.
1. 8 and 12
8 = 2 8
2 4
2 2
1
12 = 2 12
2 6
3 3
1
8 = 2 ×2 ×2
12 = 2 ×2 ×3
LCM = 2 ×2 ×2 ×3
= 24
Pick all the prime factors of the first and the second numbers. Find the product.
2 . 8, 9 and 15
8 = 2 ×2 ×2
9 = 3 ×3
15 = 3 ×5
LCM = 2 ×2× 2× 3×3 ×5
= 360
51
Exercise 2
Find the LCM of:
1. 10 and 20 2. 5 and 15 3. 14 and 21 4. 8 and 9 5. 8 and 9
6. 14, 21 and 28 7. 24 and 30 8. 12, 16 and 24 9. 15, 20 and 30 10. 9, 15
EXERCISE
Find the by listing the multiples of:
1. 2 and 5
2. 3 and 4
3. 3 and 5
4. 4, 2 and 6
5. 2 and 7
6. 2 and 12
7. 3 and 7
8. 3 and 12
9. 2, 3 and 5
10. 2 and 10
11.2, 4 and 6
12.3 and 15
13.4 and 7
14.4 and 7
WEEK FIVE
HIGHEST COMMON FACTOR (HCF)
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to
find the factors of numbers
identify prime numbers
Work out the common factors and highest common factors of numbers
CONTENT
HIGHEST COMMON FACTOR (HCF)
REVISION OF FACTORS OF NUMBERS
Factors are just the numbers that divide into another number exactly without a remainder.
Examples
Factors of 6
To find the factors, begin multiplying two numbers starting with 1.
1 × 6 = 6 nothing else can be multiplied
2 × 3 = 6 to give 6.
$ Factors of 6 are 1, 2, 3, 6
6 can be divided by all the factors exactly without a remainder.
Factors of 12
1 × 12 = 12 2 × 6 = 12 3 × 4 = 12
No other numbers can be multiplied to give you 12. So the factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12.
So 12 can be divided by all the factors exactly without a remainder.
Exercise 1
Write down all the factors of these numbers using the examples to guide you.
1. 9 2. 10 3. 12 4. 16 5. 18 6. 20
7. 56 8. 63 9. 70 10. 32 11. 60 12. 96
Common factors of numbers
Study the example carefully.
The factors of 12 are: 1 , 2 , 3 , 4, 6 and 12
The factors of 18 are: 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 , 9 and 18
The common factors are 1, 2, 3, 6 because these factors are
factors of both numbers as you can see.
Exercise
1. Find all the common factors of both numbers.
a) 25 and 30 b) 18 and 27 c) 12 and 24 d) 9 and 27
2. Copy and complete this table in your notebook.
Numbers Common factors
a) 6 and 21
b) 14 and 21
c) 8 and 20
d) 10 and 25
e) 10 and 30
3. Find the common factors of these numbers.
a) 12 and 15 b) 15 and 25 c) 14 and 28 d) 6, 8 and 10 e) 28, 24 and 30
f) 12 and 28 g) 18, 24 and 42 h) 56, 80, 72 i) 4, 8 and 12 j) 8, 16 and 24
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