AGRIC LANGUAGE JSS2 SECOND TERM LESSON NOTE
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AGRIC LANGUAGE JSS2 SECOND TERM LESSON NOTE
ANIMAL FEEDS AND FEEDING
CONTENT
Meaning of Feeds
Type of Feeds or Feed-stuff
Meaning of Feeds
Feeds are the food given to animals for growth and reproduction. Animals need feed on daily basis for them to grow and reproduce. The feed given to poultry birds are called mash. Thus, there is growers mash for young fowls, finisher mash for adult fowls while layers mash is for fowls that lay eggs.
Type of Feeds or Feed-stuff
Feeds or feed stuff can generally be classified into the following:
Energy-yielding feeds
Protein-yielding feeds
Mineral-yielding feeds
Vitamin-yielding feeds
Forages
Silage
Hay
Fodder
Chaff
Pasture
1. Energy-yielding Feeds
These are feeds that are rich in energy and are highly digestible by farm animals. They have low crude fibre content. Examples of the energy-yielding feed stuff are:
(i) The cereal grains: e.g. rice, maize, millet, wheat, guinea corn, barley, etc.
(ii) Roots and tubers: e.g. cassava, yam, cocoyam, sweet potato, etc.
(iii) Agro-industrial by-products: e.g. rice offal, brewers dried grain, wheat bran, maize bran, cassava peels, yam peels, etc.
(iv) Fats and oils: e.g. palm oil, groundnut oil, cotton seed oil, etc.
2. Protein-yielding Feeds
These are feeds that are made up of amino acids. Amino acids are the building blocks of protein. They are usually high in protein and are required by all farm animals for body building. Protein-yielding feeds can be from plants or animal origin.
Examples of plant protein sources are: soyabean cake, groundnut cake, cottonseed cake, beniseed meal, cashew nut meal, palm kernel cake, etc.
Examples of protein feedstuff of animal origin include fish meal, meat meal, blood meal, oyster shell, limestone, common salt, egg shell, lime, etc.
3. Mineral-yielding Feeds
These are feeds that are required for the general maintenance and development of animals, particularly the skeletal tissues and reproductive system. Examples of feedstuff rich in minerals are bone meal, oyster shell, limestone, common salt, egg shell, lime, etc.
4. Vitamin-yielding Feeds
These are organic compounds not synthesized or produced in the body, but must be present in small amounts in the diet of farm animals. They function as co-enzymes or as a regulator of metabolism. Their deficiency can lead to ill-health. Vitamin can be grouped into water soluble vitamins e.g. (vitamin C and B-complex) and fat soluble vitamins e.g. Vitamins A, D, E, and K
Example of feedstuff rich in vitamins are fish meal, yellow maize, fruit, vegetables, grasses and legumes.
5. Forages
Forage crops are legumes, grasses or browse plants used for feeding farm animals or game animals. The grass forages are good sources of energy while leguminous plants are good sources of protein for ruminant animals (sheep, goat, cattle).
Examples of forage crops are guinea grass, elephant grass, carpet grass, stylo, groundnut leaves, sweet potato vines, etc.
6. Silage
These are forage crops which are stored for future feeding of livestock especially during the dry season. Silage is made by cutting forage crops (either grasses or legumes) when they are not fully mature, partially cured and packed in silos. Tread the grass well by trampling on it layer by layer. When the silo is full, the silo must be sealed completely to prevent air and water from getting in. Silage supplies energy and protein especially to cattle, sheep and goats.
7. Hay
Hay is dried grass or legume forage that is to be used for feeding livestock especially during the dry season. It contains a lot of fibre and therefore can only be used to feed ruminants (cattle, sheep and goats).
8. Fodder
These are dried plant materials preserved for future use. They can be in the forms of hay, straw and chaff.
They are usually cut before the seeds are formed when they are still green.
9. Chaff
These refer to husks, shells and other by-products obtained in the processing of grains and grain legumes. Examples of chaffs rice, maize, cowpea, soya-beans, etc.
10. Pasture
A pasture can be referred to as the field where animals graze.Every pasture contains good and poor grasses as well as other unwanted plants or weeds. A pasture can be improved upon by encouraging the good grass to grow and increase in number.
EVALUATION
Define feeds.
Give four types of feeds with three examples for each mentioned.
List four protein and four protein-yielding feedstuffs
AGRIC LANGUAGE JSS2 SECOND TERM LESSON NOTE
ANIMAL FEEDS AND FEEDING
CONTENT
Meaning of Ration
Types of Ration
Meaning, Causes and Symptoms of Malnutrition
Factors that Affect Feed Requirements of Farm Animals
Reasons for Feeding Farm Animals
Equipment Used for Feeding Farm Animals
Meaning of Ration
Ration is the quantity or amount of feed given to farm animals daily or over a period of 24 hours. The type of ration given to a particular farm animal is largely dependent on the purpose of production.
A balanced ration is a ration containing all the nutrients in the right proportion for growth and development.
Types of Ration
Maintenance ration
Production ration
1. Maintenance Ration
This is the amount of feed given to an animal to prevent an increase or decrease in the life weight of the animal. It is given to maintain a particular weight, shape and size.
2. Production Ration
This ration is fed to animals for production purpose. It may be for the production of milk, eggs, meat, young ones or for work. The nutrient it contains are usually supplied in excess of maintenance requirement.
The following are examples of production ration:
(i) Grower ration: This is the feed given to growing animals. Ration with high protein content are particularly suited for rapid growth. Examples are broiler starter and broiler finisher diets.
(ii) Weaner’s ration: This is a ration fed to young animals whenever they are taken away from their mothers, i.e. (when weaned).
(iii) Fattener’s ration: This is meant for those animals that require very rapid increase in body weight before they are sent to the market.
(iv) Flushing: This is a special diet for female animals to be able to produce more fertile ova.
(v) Steaming up: This is a special diet for pregnant animals to prepare them for parturition. It is given few weeks before parturition.
(vi) Broiler mash
(vii) Layers mash
Meaning of Malnutrition
This is a condition in which an animal shows evidence of nutrient deficiency.
Causes of Malnutrition
Unbalanced diet
Low quality feeds
Under feeding
Symptoms of Malnutrition
Drop or low production (milk and egg)
Susceptibility to diseases attack
Emaciation and leanness
Reduced growth
High death rate
Factors that Affect Feed Requirements of Farm Animals
The level of nutrient or nutritional requirement of animals depend on the following factors:
Age of the animal – young grower.
Class of animal – egg producer, ruminant or non-ruminant, meat animal.
Production level – growers, young layers and old layer dry sow.
Reasons for Feeding Farm Animals
Feeds are fed to farm animals for the following purposes.
To provide necessary elements for repairing the wear and tear of the body to provide raw material for synthesis of body source in growth.
To serve as a source of energy for vital processes in the body e.g growth, work, reproduction, respiration digestion etc. For generating heat necessary for maintaining body temperature. To serve as raw materials for the production of milk meat egg wool etc.
Equipment Used for Feeding Farm Animals
The different equipment used for feeding farm animals are listed below:
Feed troughs: Feeds for animals are placed in the troughs for them to eat. Troughs could be wooden, iron or aluminum. Troughs should be cleansed on daily basis.
Water troughs: Water for the animals is fetched in this equipment. The trough should as well be cleaned regularly
Hay racks: They are used for feeding animals with hay and silage.
Bowl: It is used to pack feedstuff into feeding troughs or containers.
Trays: Feeds for chick and grower mash are place in the trays for young birds. Trays should be cleansed at all times.
Spade and shovel: Spade and shovel are used to mix feed ingredients together.
AGRIC LANGUAGE JSS2 SECOND TERM LESSON NOTE
EVALUATION
1. (a) Define ration
(b) List and explains the types of ration.
2. (a) What is malnutrition?
(b) Enumerate three causes of malnutrition.
(c) State five symptoms of malnutrition.
3. (a) Why are animals fed?
(b) List five equipment used in feeding animals.
FARM ANIMAL DISEASES
CONTENT
Meaning of Disease
Groups of Disease Causing Organisms of Livestock
Meaning of Disease
Disease means a change in the normal functions or well-being of farm animals which results in observable symptoms. OR
It is an illness, unhealthy or abnormal condition in the body of farm animals.
Groups of Disease Causing Organisms of Livestock
There are many types of disease causing organisms which attack farm animals.
These organisms include;
bacteria,
fungi,
virus,
protozoan and
metazoan.
1. Bacterial Diseases
These are diseases caused by bacteria. Bacteria are single-celled micro-organisms. Examples of bacterial diseases of farm animals include:
2. Fungal Diseases
These are diseases caused by fungi. Fungi are lower plants which do not contain chlorophyll. They reproduce by spores and live by absorbing nutrients from organic matter.
Examples of fungal diseases:
3. Viral Diseases
These are diseases caused by viruses. Viruses are extremely small micro-organisms which can survive only inside living cells. They are much smaller than bacteria.
Examples of viral diseases of livestock are:
4. Protozoan Diseases
These are diseases caused by protozoa. Protozoa are single-celled, majorly microscope and mostly water – dwelling organism which live independently or in colonies. They feed on organic compounds.
Examples of protozoa diseases of livestock are:
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